| cause and effect
neutral & frequent
 so / so that
then
because of this
make smthg happen
bring on
cause
affect
produce
more formal
as a result (of this)
as a consequence
consequently
accordingly
for this reason
therefore
thereby
|
por
lo tanto (therefore)
Adapting to particular situations can be difficult and time-consuming
and therefore
the root cause of much suffering. |
| add reasons & info
also
then too
besides
too
again
once again
add to this
what's more
as well
on top (of this/that)
in my opinion
furthermore
moreover
in addition
additionally
bear in mind
take into account
As we mentioned before
according to
Suffice it to say . . .
In light of the fact that . . .
While speaking:
I’d like to comment on that .
Sorry, but . . .
Can / May I add something?
Can / May I ask a question?
Excuse me for interrupting, but . .
Can I add here that . . .
I’d like to say something if I may.
|
también
(also)
Also,
consumable classroom materials, such as scissors and paper,
generally tend to be paid for by their parents.
Luego también
(then too)
Then
too, (people) can impose further restrictions
and impediments . . .
una vez más
(once again)
And after boxing, I'm just about exhausted, and once
again it's time to eat, and I go home and make
dinner.
En mi opinión
(in my opinion)
In
my opinion, the most important traits
of an English teacher are firmness and adaptability .
. .
además
(furthermore)
Furthermore,
these characteristics of a good teacher also apply to
being a good student.
tener presente
(bear in mind)
Bear
in mind that there is no such thing
as a satisfactory superficial education.
. . .“talk low, talk slow and don't talk too much”.
Bear
this in mind when you are planning
your presentation . . .
como mencionamos antes
(as we mentioned before)
as we mentioned before - "As
we mentioned before, talk precisely
and clearly"
según
(according to)
According
to William Glasser, the psychiatrist
who founded Reality Therapy, “We learn 10% of what we
read, . . . |
| Returning to topic
anyway, . . .
as I was saying, . . .
in any case, . . .
to get back to what I was saying, . . .
Where was I?
|
tanto
. . . como / ambos (both)
Both "make" and "do"
mean "hacer" in Spanish.
|
| conjunctions
neutral & frequent
and
neither
or
yet
but
for
so
nor
|
pero
(but)
. . . are the skeleton key to being a good teacher, but
I feel that none of these . . .
so (asi que)
The most important thing to do is to eat breakfast. So,
I make myself some coffee and some toast . . . Usually,
I start class around 8:30 in the morning. So,
I go to my first class, which is in Madrid, in the center
of Madrid. |
| summarizing
neutral & frequent
all in all
that is
in other words
to sum it up
less frequent
in short
by and large
|
en
general (all in all)
All in all,
however, my feeling is that you’re far safer spending your
money in supermarkets.
All in all, Spanish cuisine is clearly
superior to similar anglo-saxon fare.
para explicarlo más claramente
(that is)
That
is, the waiters amongst them have told
me of filthy kitchens. I don't like violence.
That is, I attack it with everything I've
got.
That
is, the more we are committed to being
transformed by a matter the better we learn it.
en otras palabras
(in other words)
In
other words, . . . both students and
teachers must commit to a transformation.
para resumir
(to sum it up)
To
sum it up, the Weeping Willow is the
analogy that best characterizes for me what being a good
teacher is all about.
en pocas palabras
(in short)
In short, if parents and students obstinately
insist on making teachers and schools completely responsible
for their children’s education, they can actually hinder
it. |
| comparing
neutral & frequent
also
in the same way
by comparison
by far
likewise
so too
as
the same thing
even more
more formal
in a similar manner
similarly
|
con
mucho (by far)
by far
aún más
(even more)
However, what’s really surprising is that many of their
parents were
even more uncooperative with
this teacher’s approach than their own children.
To complicate things even
more, . . .
lo mismo
(the same thing, similarly)
The
same thing can be said about
groups of students.
Similarly,
a pre-rehearsed ending to the presentation will ensure
you don't forget . . . |
| purpose
neutral & frequent
in order to
in order for
in order that
so that
|
para
(in order to, in order for)
. . . the willingness to undergo a transformation in
order to bring one about in . . .
- in
order for education to take place
and for students to actually learn English, . . .
para que
(so that)
I'm going to tell you about a typical day in my life so
that you can practice listening to the present
tense. |
| showing certainty
neutral & frequent
at least
even so
surely
certainly
no doubt
conceivably
perhaps
probably
more formal
at the same time
after all
apparently
possibly
undoubtedly
conclusively
doubtless
evidently
presumably
the truth be told
|
al menos (at least)
there is no such thing . . .,
at least in
my experience.
por cierto que, por supuesto que - And
certainly the community knows
it.
para decir la verdad
(the truth be told)
The truth be told,
I’ve often been handed a previously used dish in a restaurant.
The truth be told, I've never seen Star
Wars or the Wizard of Oz. |
| explaining reasons
neutral & frequent
certainly
actually
really
for example
in fact
as a matter of fact
for that matter
that is
of course
because
since
basically speaking
more formal
for instance
indeed
admittedly
|
en
realidad (actually)
In short, if parents and students obstinately insist on
making teachers and schools completely responsible for their
children’s education, they can
actually
hinder it.
en realidad, de hecho
(in fact)
In
fact, it’s a wonder I go to restaurants
at all after that.
In fact, I think that the best
teachers should love learning.
It’s gone on long enough, far too many years,
in fact.
en realidad, de hecho
(for that matter)
In fact, it’s a wonder I go to restaurants
at all
Sadly, I think it would take a mighty big-hearted teacher
to risk approaching this particular group of parents, or
any other
for that matter,
with another project of similar proportions.
claro, naturalmente
(of course)
Of course 2 and 2 is 4, it's perfectly
clear.
hay que reconocer
(admittedly)
Admittedly,
I usually won’t spend over 10 euros for a meal. Admittedly,
living in sunny Spain has its advantages. |
| logical argument
neutral & frequent
not only ... but also
the more ... the more
whether ... or
either ... or
for instance
this ... that
neither ... nor
for example
here ... there
in particular
since ... then
if ... then
these ... those
more formal
to illustrate
|
cuanto
más (the more . . . the better, etc)
the more we
are committed to being transformed by a matter the better
we learn it.
ya sea por obra o por omisón
whether
by commission or omission the eager
teacher’s first two projects were shot down in their infancy.
para demostrar
(to illustrate)
To
illustrate the obstacles that parents
unconsciously place in their children’s educational path,
I’ll tell you a little story. |
conditions
neutral & frequent
if
although
even if
in spite of
otherwise
though
even though
unless
depending on
at the same time
in this case
more formal
under such circumstances
provided that
as long as
this (that) being so
in this event
nevertheless
in these circumstances
nonetheless
despite
|
depending
on . . . (dependiendo de)
Well, I wake up at around 7 o'clock depending on the day.
si . . . (if)
If I have a break around one o'clock,
I make lunch.
My favorite place is the Chinese restaurant in Plaza de
España, if you can get a table.
if
parents and students obstinately insist on making teachers
and schools completely responsible for their children’s
education, they can actually hinder it.
en este caso
(in this case)
(this) really helps one to better learn the subject at hand,
in
this case English. |
introducing a topic
as for
with regard to
with respect to
concerning
as regards
concerning
say
by the way
|
cambiando de tema
(say ... )
Say,
you know the other day I needed a satellite dish installed
right up on the roof there.
|
| chronological
order
neutral & frequent
later
in the meantime
finally
when / while / was
then
after something
after that
then
earlier
meanwhile
before that
at last
afterwards
first, second, ...
now
shortly
already
by that / the time
until / till
more formal
previously
subsequently
at length
simultaneously
concurrently
formerly
first and foremost
last, but not least
beforehand
|
luego (then)
And,
then I continue having class.
Note - This is a common error:
In Spanish you say: "y luego continuo dando
clase," which you frequently translate directly to
English as: "and after I continue having class".
In English this means something similar to "despues
de algo" (the next vocabulary point below).
despues de algo
(after something)
And after the painting class, I go to the
gym.
And after boxing, I go home and make dinner.
After dinner and after I make sure
my cats have eaten as well, I usually watch TV
for a little while and then go to bed.
despues de eso
(after that)
After
that, I have my own classes.
after that.
. . . the teacher stated that
after having
evaluated the students’ development during the first week
of class, her evaluation was that her primary objectives
would include . . .
despues (afterwards)
Stress important words or phrases for emphasis and pause
afterwards
to ensure the audience . . .
hasta (until,
till)
Sometimes I don't have time for lunch and I teach all the
way till about 4 o'clock.
antes, de antemano
(beforehand)
you should write a script for the first part of the introduction
and the last part of the conclusion beforehand. |
| contrast
instead
anyhow
rather than
but
on the other hand
still
however
in spite of that
otherwise
more formal
conversely
despite
on the contrary
yet
|
sin
embargo (however)
However
, what’s really surprising is that many of their parents
were even more uncooperative with this teacher’s approach
than their own children.
However,
the upshot of this is that this commitment to a personal
transformation actually really helps.
However,
by carefully planning your
presentation we have reduced the amount of
pero (but)
I think that the best teachers should love learning, but
that is a matter that would best be left for another article. |
| concession
neutral & frequent
all the same
obviously
of course
at any rate
in any case
anyway
however
still
it goes without saying that
more formal
to be sure
granted
admittedly
it is true that
after all
nevertheless
in spite of
|
de
todas formas (anyway)
Anyway,
the first general parent-teacher meeting was held.
Well, I’m not here to talk about teaching anyway.
de todas formas, sin embargo
(all the same)
I've heard the snails are really good, but all the
same, I'll have a hamburger.
no te lo discuto, de acuerdo
(granted)
Granted,
their opinions are to be respected, but whether by commission
or omission the eager teacher’s first two projects were
shot down in their infancy.
Granted,
many will claim that traits such as being “friendly,” “dynamic,”
“native” and/or “well-prepared” are the skeleton key to
being a good teacher . . . |
| frequency and time
from time to time
every now and then
more often than not
|
de
vez en cuando (from time to time)
I go for a walk from time to time.
cada vez en cuando - I eat out every
now and then and I know I’m taking my
chances each time.
I watch a film every now and
then.
La mayoría del tiempo
(more often than not)
More often than not, the programmes on
tv are rotten.
|
| Other
both
|
tanto
. . . como / ambos (both)
Both "make" and "do"
mean "hacer" in Spanish.
|
